[NukeNet] Drought Could Force Closing of Nuclear Plants In Southeast USA

[Bill Smirnow]

http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=6809&Method=Full

Drought Could Force Closing of Nuclear Plants
Drought Could Force Nuke-Plant Shutdowns



The Associated Press, Jan. 23, 2008



LAKE NORMAN, N.C. -- Nuclear reactors across the Southeast could be forced
to throttle back or temporarily shut down later this year because drought is
drying up the rivers and lakes that supply power plants with the awesome
amounts of cooling water they need to operate.

Utility officials say such shutdowns probably wouldn't result in blackouts.
But they could lead to shockingly higher electric bills for millions of
Southerners, because the region's utilities could be forced to buy expensive
replacement power from other energy companies.

Already, there has been one brief, drought-related shutdown, at a reactor in
Alabama over the summer.

"Water is the nuclear industry's Achilles' heel," said Jim Warren, executive
director of N.C. Waste Awareness and Reduction Network, an environmental
group critical of nuclear power. "You need a lot of water to operate nuclear
plants." He added: "This is becoming a crisis."

An Associated Press analysis of the nation's 104 nuclear reactors found that
24 are in areas experiencing the most severe levels of drought. All but two
are built on the shores of lakes and rivers and rely on submerged intake
pipes to draw billions of gallons of water for use in cooling and condensing
steam after it has turned the plants' turbines.

Because of the yearlong dry spell gripping the region, the water levels on
those lakes and rivers are getting close to the minimums set by the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission. Over the next several months, the water could drop
below the intake pipes altogether. Or the shallow water could become too hot
under the sun to use as coolant.

"If water levels get to a certain point, we'll have to power it down or go
off line," said Robert Yanity, a spokesman for South Carolina Electric & Gas
Co., which operates the Summer nuclear plant outside Columbia, S.C.

Extending or lowering the intake pipes is not as simple at it sounds and
wouldn't necessarily solve the problem. The pipes are usually made of
concrete, can be up to 18 feet in diameter and can extend up to a mile.
Modifications to the pipes and pump systems, and their required backups, can
cost millions and take several months. If the changes are extensive, they
require an NRC review that itself can take months or longer.

Even if a quick extension were possible, the pipes can only go so low. It
they are put too close to the bottom of a drought-shrunken lake or river,
they can suck up sediment, fish and other debris that could clog the system.

An estimated 3 million customers of the four commercial utilities with
reactors in the drought zone get their power from nuclear energy. Also, the
quasi-governmental Tennessee Valley Authority, which sells electricity to
8.7 million people in seven states through a network of distributors,
generates 30 percent of its power at nuclear plants.

While rain and some snow fell recently, water levels across the region are
still well below normal. Most of the severely affected area would need more
than a foot of rain in the next three months -- an unusually large amount -- 
to ease the drought and relieve pressure on the nuclear plants. And the
long-term forecast calls for more dry weather.

At Progress Energy Inc., which operates four reactors in the drought zone,
officials warned in November that the drought could force it to shut down
its Harris reactor near Raleigh, according to documents obtained by the AP.
The water in Harris Lake stands at 218.5 feet -- just 3 1/2 feet above the
limit set in the plant's license.

Lake Norman near Charlotte is down to 93.7 feet -- less than a foot above
the minimum set in the license for Duke Energy Corp.'s McGuire nuclear
plant. The lake was at 98.2 feet just a year ago.

"We don't know what's going to happen in the future. We know we haven't
gotten enough rain, so we can't rule anything out," said Duke spokeswoman
Rita Sipe. "But based on what we know now, we don't believe we'll have to
shut down the plants."

During Europe's brutal 2006 heat wave, French, Spanish and German utilities
were forced to shut down some of their nuclear plants and reduce power at
others because of low water levels -- some for as much as a week.

If a prolonged shutdown like that were to happen in the Southeast, utilities
in the region might have to buy electricity on the wholesale market, and the
high costs could be passed on to customers.

"Currently, nuclear power costs between $5 to $7 to produce a megawatt
hour," said Daniele Seitz, an energy analyst with New York-based Dahlman
Rose & Co. "It would cost 10 times that amount that if you had to buy
replacement power -- especially during the summer."

At a nuclear plant, water is also used to cool the reactor core and to
create the steam that drives the electricity-generating turbines. But those
are comparatively small amounts of water, circulating in what are known as
closed systems -- that is, the water is constantly reused. Water for those
two purposes is not threatened by the drought.

Instead, the drought could choke off the billions of gallons of water that
pass through the region's reactors every day to cool used steam. Water
sucked from lakes and rivers passes through pipes, which act as a condenser,
turning the steam back into water. The outside water never comes into direct
contact with the steam or any nuclear material.

At some plants -- those with tall, Three Mile Island-style cooling towers -- 
a lot of the water travels up the tower and is lost to evaporation. At other
plants, almost all of the water is returned to the lake or river, though
significantly hotter because of the heat absorbed from the steam.

Progress spokeswoman Julie Hahn said the Harris reactor, for example, sucks
up 33 million gallons a day, with 17 million gallons lost to evaporation via
its big cooling towers. Duke's McGuire plant draws in more than 1 billion
gallons a day, but most of it is pumped back to its source.

Nuclear plants are subject to restrictions on the temperature of the
discharged coolant, because hot water can kill fish or plants or otherwise
disrupt the environment. Those restrictions, coupled with the drought, led
to the one-day shutdown Aug. 16 of a TVA reactor at Browns Ferry in Alabama.

The water was low on the Tennessee River and had become warmer than usual
under the hot sun. By the time it had been pumped through the Browns Ferry
plant, it had become hotter still -- too hot to release back into the river,
according to the TVA. So the utility shut down a reactor.

David Lochbaum, nuclear project safety director for the Union of Concerned
Scientists, warned that nuclear plants are not designed to take the wear and
tear of repeatedly stopping and restarting.

"Nuclear plants are best when they flatline -- when they stay up and running
or shut down for long periods to refuel," Lochbaum said. "It wears out
piping, valves, motors."

Both the industry and NRC spokesman Scott Burnell said plants can shut down
and restart without problems.



Copyright 2007 Associated Press. All rights reserved.






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